Questions On The Hostage Crisis Essay - 1230 Words

Gregorio 1 Roxanne Gregorio Professor Tausanovitch Political Science 40 18 February 2016 Manila Hostage Crisis (max: 1200 words, 3 Pages) HK (Not Forgive) HK Forgive PH (Do not Apologize) 3,3 4,0 PH (Apologize) 0,4 2,2 4 = Get others to meet demand 3= Keep reputation by not giving in to demands 2= Both cooperate F,A (forgiving and apologizing) 0 = Lose reputation by giving into demands The Prisoner’s Dilemma is an example of game theory; a game of cooperation in which an individual ends up considering that the best way to maximize their payoff is through non-cooperation. The Prisoner’s dilemma is structured in a way that both parties decide to protect themselves from the players; â€Å"As a result of following a purely logical thought process to help oneself, both participants find themselves in a worse state than if they had cooperated with each other in the decision-making process†(Investopedia). Through the process of Prisoner’s Dilemma, people can predict and understand some of the possible actions of both parties in an agreement as well as the consequences of their possible decisions. One example of Prisoner’s Dilemma is the hostage massacre incident in 2010 that greatly affected the international relation of the Philippine and Hong Kong government. The Manila Hostage Crisis was a massacre incident that took place on August 23, 2010. It occurred when Rolando Mendoza, a dismissed former national inspector in the Philippine National Police, hijacked a tourist bus inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Argo 1119 Words   |  5 Pagesdirected by Ben Affleck that is based on the events of the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-1981. The film uses variations from Tony Mendez’s novel The Master of Disguise, who was a U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) operative, and as well as the 2007 magazine article from Wired by Joshuah Bearman. The movie follows the events that led up to the Iranian hostage crisis where on November 4th, 1979 more than sixty Americans were taken hostage in the United State Embassy in Tehran, Iran by a group of IranianRead MoreThe Iranian Hostage Crisis And Its Effect On The United States1660 Words   |  7 PagesPlan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to answer the question on how did the Iranian Hostage Crisis affect the relationship between United States and Iran. The main body of evidence will observe in depth the Iranian and United States relations during the hostage crisis. Evidence of this investigation will include secondary documents and books pertaining to the hostage time in Iran and US foreign policy. Speeches from the US President to the American public and to the world willRead MoreThe Vietnam War, Foreign Policy, And Economic Crisis1259 Words   |  6 Pagesunreliable foreign policy, and economic crisis. 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The Criminal Justice System For African Americans

A problem that has risen over the past decade or so is the criminal justice system being against African Americans, but to be more specific is the criminal justice system being against African American males. The incarceration rate and the number of police brutality cases have been at all time high rises and the overall treatment African Americans receive from the criminal justice system. There have been numerous amounts of cases that have come to face dealing with African Americans and law enforcement. The types of cases that have caught the eye of the media and the people of the United States are the ones were law enforcement uses excessive force on an African American or killing an African American teen or adult. Other cases that have†¦show more content†¦The primary focus of the police is to keep the peace and enforce the laws on their mission and jurisdiction. Most of the problems that deal with African Americans start with law enforcement because that’s who they first encounter when a problem comes about. In court is where disputes are settled and justice is administered. Court consists of critical people who include professional and non professional people: the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense attorney. The judge is someone who is elected who knows the law and can offer a final decision to dispose of a case. The prosecutor is a lawyer whose duty is to explain to the court the details of the crime committed and what evidence has been found. A defense attorney counsels the victim or the accused on the legal process, basically counseling them over the possible outcomes that could happen and how to make final decisions. The final step in the criminal justice system is a correctional center better known as prison. If things don’t go right in court, the offender will be turned over to the correctional authorities after being found guilty. Removing the offender from the general population and taking away their ability to commit anym ore crimes. As of today, people of color are still policed, wrongly incarcerated, and sentenced to death at a higher rate than Caucasians. In the article More Black Men Are In Prison today than were enslaved in 1850 by Ben Muessig, he states that â€Å"African

Case study of Banyan Tree in India-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Case study of Banyan Tree in India. Answer: Analysis of development of dynamic capabilities at Banyan Tree The four dynamic capabilities that are taken into consideration are- cultural ethics, risk management, advertisement campaign and their one of a kind product and services. Service and product The service of providing spa facility along with individual villas that comprises of private pools. The concerned organization also provides intimate moments for couples. Surprises like incense oil lamp burning and lit candles along with petal spread everywhere in the room to make their moment special. The same process can be initiated in Asian county like India, where people intends to go to foreign country for holidays and honeymoon. Expansion of this business in India not only will save customers money but also allow them to experience a brand in their own country. Local heritage and culture Another aspect is their maintenance of local heritage and culture. Chiang, the craft initiated the promotion of the brand Banyan Tree Gallery that sells cottage crafts like- traditionally woven handmade fabrics, jewellery, tribal art made by local artisans (Johnson and Cavicchi 2017). The approaches to include the indigenous people especially those who belong from villages make the business successful in India. The government of India is taking initiative to make every people self- dependent. The support from nations; government and community will provide effective competitive advantage to the Banyan. It is also mentioned that there is 12% hotels registered growth in India and thus, Banyan can associate with all the existing and developing hospitality industry so that they can enhance their target market and attain more profitability (Lodging In India, 2016). Promotional strategies In addition to that, effectual promotional strategies and campaigns also provide competitive advantages and make aware of people about their unique services. Banyan already utilizes the approach of promoting their brand through international advertising agency. These agency or third-parties are also liable for formulating new tag-lines for each of their departments. However, apart from promoting the brand through social networking sites, targeting the leading business magazines in India will help other business parties to associate with them. Ferguson (2016) stated that this approach not only enhances the business network but also help the concerned organization to expand their business within short time. Developing county like India, have many people who belong to poor category and suffer from unemployment adversity. Expansion of business like Banyan can provide those poor people an opportunity to make indigenous spa products. This contribution in Indian economy allows the concerned organization conduct their business ethically. Moreover, the online registered dynamic growth of 21% in current value terms in 2015, so Banyan Tree services can also sell their spa products through online and target more customers, who cannot avail the villa and spa treatment (Lodging In India, 2016). Risk management The risk management is associated with every business. In this case, high price of the products and services is one of the risks. Another risk that can be stated is the inexperience staff members. Thus, Banyan tree can take initiative for hiring only experience people or provide training to the employees. Currently, the Banyan utilizes the strategy of DEEO process- discover the problem, establish a solution to overcome the adversity, equip clear guideline and long term perspective or mitigating and controlling the raised problem and lastly to oversee the developed plan. This can be developed by preparing a risk plan or matrix by listing some of the risks that can be occurred in hospitality sector like- inventory management, logistic management, customer abuse, lack of authentic products, monetary fluctuation and mispricing of the products or unnecessary demands for donation against the customers will. The government for both Thailand and India collaboratively prepare some strict guid elines for Banyan Tree services so that these problems can be addressed and effective solutions can be taken based on the adverse situation. Wirtz (2016) stated that transparency with external and internal stakeholder is also plays an important role in attaining effective competitive advantage. Thus, regular survey from customers and employee will also allow the organization to know about the problem that is present in the organization. Effectiveness of the dynamic capabilities in terms of success factor of Banyan Tree Hotel According to Aaker and Biel (2013), strong and rich brand image acts as an opportunity for Banyan Tree Hotel in terms of expanding their business up to the extent of foreign market penetration. The following are the opportunities, strategic vision to which would help the personnel to spread their fame and glory across the corners of the world: Products and services Hospitality industries are renowned for providing lip smacking delicacies within the ambience of recreation and luxury. In this, Banyan Tree Hotel is a deviation as it provides quality spa and wellness services. Like the other services, the spa generates calmness within the tourists. Within this, various therapies and facials are applied on the tourists for invoking their inner beauty and peace (Banyantreespa.com 2017). Utilization of the natural products would attract large number of customers. Along with this, if the customers are surveyed about their preference over the products, the personnel would be aware of the effectiveness of their products and services in terms of the wellness of the customers. Rationalistic application in this direction would enhance the popularity of the products and services of Banyan Tree Hotel. Risk management The methods of open forums and discussions are adopted by the personnel of the Banyan Tree Hotel for mitigating the intensity of the potential risks. Within this, the shareholders and stakeholders are involved. Coordination and unity is established between the management and the employees, which is crucial for overcoming the risks. After the selection of the appropriate solution for risk management, evaluation is done to check the appropriateness in terms of the identified and the specified risk (Banyantreestrategies.com 2017). Here, the utilization of checklists, templates would enhance the clarity of the personnel in terms of the undertaken methods for risk management. Keeping a track of these exercises would help in the publication of annual report and final evaluation. Cultural ethics Banyan Tree Hotel, through the means of delivering quality products and services, promotes cultural diversity. The number of tourists visiting the hotel and enjoying the services is the evidence for this fact. The hotel authorities have indulged in joint ventures with the nearby villagers, which has resulted in fairs and exhibitions. Opening these fairs and exhibitions for the tourists escalates the sales revenue of the hotel authorities. Herein lays the projection of cultural diversity. On the other hand, looking after the needs, demands and requirements is the ethical consideration of the hotel authorities in terms of enhancing their corporate social responsibility (Wirtz 2016). Creating a museum and preserving the talents of the local traders and businessmen would act as a token of appreciation towards their efforts by the hotel authorities. Along with this, if the visits to these museums are included within the holiday packages, the tourists would gain awareness regarding the cul tural heritage. Advertising campaigns Advertising is one of an effective means for transmitting the news of the latest activities, undertaken by the companies and organizations, to the customers. Within this, adopting the means of social media would help Banyan Tree Hotel staffs to increase the trafficking of the audience towards the brand image. Putting the image and news of the latest activities on the social networking sites and official websites would increase the urge of the audience to visit the place at least once (Robles and Hassan 2015). Along with this, if special discounts, schemes and offers are announced on the holiday packages in the form of leaflets, then also the network chain of the hotel would expand to a greater extent. Campaigns can also be conducted for advertising the steps taken by the hotel authorities to make the audience aware of their latest trends. Recommendation of Porters Generic Strategy with the Indian Hotel Industry After the data collection and the analysis of the Indian hotel industry, where Banyan Tree Hotel is trying to enter, this report is trying to make an attempt of recommending a strategy for the hotel. For this purpose, Porters generic Strategy would be adopted. There are three different strategies of Porter, Cost leadership, Differentiation and Focus which is of two kinds, Cost focus and Differentiation focus (Tansey, Spillan and Meng 2014). While looking at the hotel industry in India, it can be seen that it has witnessed a sustained development trend in the past few years. The government has permitted the Foreign Direct Investment which contributed to the further growth of the industry. The strategy that is recommended for Banyan Tree Hotel is that the hotel should activate the ancillary departments which will get them more revenues. This strategy comes under the differentiation strategy of Porters generic strategy which includes being unique in the industry adding some new dimensio ns which can be valued by the consumers. This strategy suggests opening up the supplementary departments of the hotel, such as gym, gift shop, laundry, spa, pool, cabs, travel and making these services available for all general customers in the hotel. The Banyan Tree Spa has been awarded in the international market before, so if the hotel makes these services accessible for the general public initially, it can gain more revenues in the new market in India. According to Shen (2015) Most of the five star hotels do not allow the general public to utilize these services such as spa, gym, laundry or cabs. However, when the organization is entering a new hospitality market, it should not just rely on the guests of the hotel to gain sufficient revenues. Rather, if the hotel opens up these services to general customers on a monthly or annually membership basis, it can turn into a huge revenue generator. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Strategy There are always potential advantages and disadvantages of any strategy. The strategy that has been recommended in this report also has some possible advantages and disadvantages. Those are discussed below: Advantage The hotel can earn extra revenues if the management is capable of aligning the value chain system of the hotel. The extra revenue can come from the fixed bookings of the hotel services such as the spa, gym, cabs, travel and several others. Earning the extra revenues requires a well-organized revenue management technique and its application within the organization, so that the consumers view the ultimate results to be fair to them. The hotel can also have tie-ups with different partners for the activation of such departments. For instance, if the hotel is allowing general people for availing the gym service provided by the organization, they can tie up with few experienced personalities within the gym industry. This will not only increase the brand value of the hotel gym, but also bring in a new kind of expertise while making a serious distance from other players within the industry. In this way, the Banyan Tree Hotel can tie up with several experienced partners within the Indian hote l industry which will make their establishment a lot easier. In addition to that, considering the laundry services, if the hotel can start taking the other laundry loads from the outside establishments from the surrounding areas, they can also plan their strategies focusing on the cost leadership. If the hotel takes up the job, it can have double advantage, the first one being the earning of extra revenues utilizing the already installed facilities within the hotel premises, and the other one is that they can also offer their services to the people who are not staying with them currently. This will help them to build a sustainable and healthy relationship with their guests. Disadvantage There can be a major disadvantage of this strategy is that; this strategy entirely depends on the value chain system of the hotel. Therefore, it requires some serious changes in the value chain system for making this strategy smooth and successful. This may be a little difficult for a new company within a new market. In addition to this, the organization should also remember that for any such outsourced jobs, the management requires a different logistic mechanism that can ensure that all the operations are being handled. There should also be more resources in the hotel which can take the pressure of all the jobs. Reference list Aaker, D.A. and Biel, A., 2013.Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Banyantreespa.com (2017). Your Santuary for the senses. Available at: https://www.banyantreespa.com/ [Aessed on 8th August 2017] Banyantreestrategies.com (2017). Risk Management. Available at: https://www.banyantreestrategies.com/risk-management.html [Aessed on 8th August 2017] Ferguson, D.L., 2016. Customer Relationship Enhancements from Corporate Social Responsibility Activities Within the Hospitality Sector: Empirical Research from Vietnam. Corporate Reputation Review, 19(3), pp.244-262. Hilman, H. and Kaliappen, N., 2014. Do Cost Leadership Strategy and Process Innovation Influence the Performance of Malaysia Hotel Industry?.Asian Social Science,10(10), p.134. Harrington, R., K. Chathoth, P., Ottenbacher, M. and Altinay, L., 2014. Strategic management research in hospitality and tourism: past, prand Johnson, C. and Cavicchi, A., 2017. Columns Girling, A, Gordy, H., Lanier, P., The Good Company, Sustainability in Hospitality, Tourism and Wine. Business Expert press. Kseoglu, M.A., Topaloglu, C., Parnell, J.A. and Lester, D.L., 2013. Linkages among business strategy, uncertainty and performance in the hospitality industry: Evidence from an emerging economy.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.81-91. Luck, D. and Lancaster, G., 2013. The significance of CRM to the strategies of hotel companies.Worldwide hospitality and tourism themes,5(1), pp.55-66. Parnell, J.A., 2013. Uncertainty, generic strategy, strategic clarity, and performance of retail SMEs in Peru, Argentina, and the United States.Journal of Small Business Management,51(2), pp.215-234. Robles, F. and Hassan, S.S., 2015. Reaching Global Market Segments with Direct Marketing. InProceedings of the 1991 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 140-143). Springer, Cham. Shen, H., 2015. Critical success factors for leading hotel brands in Asia: a case study of banyan tree. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 7(3), p.19. Tan, X.C., 2014. Asian paradigm in hospitality management and its expansion to non-Asian countries. CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, p.602. Tansey, P., Spillane, J.P. and Meng, X., 2014. Linking response strategies adopted by construction firms during the 2007 economic recession to Porters generic strategies.Construction Management and Economics,32(7-8), pp.705-724. Wicker, P., Soebbing, B.P., Feiler, S. and Breuer, C., 2015. The effect of Porters generic strategies on organisational problems of non-profit sports clubs.European Journal for Sport and Society,12(3), pp.281-307. Wirtz, J., 2016. Banyan Tree: Designing and Delivering a Branded Service Experience. InSERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy(pp. 633-642).

Robert Andrew Millikan Essay Example For Students

Robert Andrew Millikan Essay Robert Andrew MillikanIn 1909 Robert Andrew Millikan set up an apparatus to measure the chargeof an electron within an accuracy range of 3%. In 1913 he came out with avalue of the electrical charge that would serve the world of science for ageneration. Young Millikan had a childhood like most others: he had no idea what hisprofession would be. Once he recalled trying to jump from a rowboat to a dock,falling in the water, and almost drowning. Here he had his first account withphysics Newtons Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an equal andopposite reaction. Even in High School Physics courses Millikan was not sospirited, which may have had a little to do with his teachers habit of spendingthe summers using a divining rod to find water. After Millikan graduated fromMaquoketa High he was accepted into Oberlin College. Robert actually began hisphysics career when he taught an elementary course at the request of his Greekprofessor during his sophomore year. He then transferred to Columbia Universityfrom which he graduated in 1893 as the only student graduate in physics. Afterthis accomplishment Millikan travelled to Germany to study with such professorsPlanck and others. When this period was on his resume Millikan was offere d aposition in the Physics department at the University of Chicago and Millikantook it. After teaching for a period Millikan decided that physics could onlybe taught properly through the practice of experimentation and getting yourhands in it just as many other things are. Thus, he began writing bettertextbooks for the University of Chicago, In fact he spent the morning of hiswedding day reading proofs of his textbooks (http://physics.uwstout.edu/sotw/millikan.html )During his 12 hours of teaching each day Millikan spent half of his timedoing research. In 1909 he constructed his first oil drop apparatus todetermine the charge of an electron. Millikan discovered that the chargedepended on the frequency of incident light. In the beginning of hisexperimentation Millikan was using a drop of water. Using a water drop onlygave Millikan forty five seconds in which to measure the charge, due to thevolatility of the water.Millikan then switched to using a drop of oil becauseof its low volati lity and as a result was allowed four and one half hours tomeasure the charge. In 1909 Millikan figured he was within 2% of being accurate. In 1910Millikan actually announced numerical value for this fundamental atomic constant,4.89110-10 esu. After Millikan announced this number he was elected ViceChairman and Director of Research for the National Research Council in 1917.Millikan realized there were inaccuracies when then photocurrent near the cutoffpoint was too low to measure. Noticing that the current was highest when themetal was fresh Millikan fashioned his targets into thick cylinders and riggedup an electro-magnetically controlled knife to shave off the ends of the blocks. Millikan went on to the Physics Laboratory at California Institute ofTechnology, where he obtained his Doctorate and stayed on doing research onCosmic Rays until he retired in 1945. It was while he was at Cal Tech in 1923that he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Millikan was the first Cal TechDoctorate to achieve a Nobel Prize.

An Analysis of the Poem They Came from the East by Gabriela Rincon free essay sample

They came from the East Author: Gabriela Rincon The oral poem â€Å"They came from the East† was produced by Natives of Central America specifically Mayans who had their own believes regarding creation and nature where mountains, caves and even the sky had close relationship with life and death, present and future. These people were led to convert into a completely different religion by the moment the Spanish conquerors came to rule their land. They came from the East when they arrive. Then Christianity also began. This imposition lately became a source of problems for the natives. The aim of this poem is to reflect the consequences of converting into the Spanish religion. This text shows the resignation natives had regarding the arrival of the Spanish and the negative influence they had on changing their perceptions and believes. The use of the words the true God the true Dios may imply that they believed in that God they mention but rejected the consequences that came with such religion. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of the Poem They Came from the East by Gabriela Rincon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specially, in this text we can notice a reproach in the way these Spanish took advantage of the natives by means of the Christian religion. The following are words used to demonstrate the abuse the natives received in the name of Christianity: tribute, church dues, purse-snatching, forced debts, false testimonies, vexation. They associated Christianity to economical difficulties and misfortune. They describe resentfully their Christianization from the beginning of the poem to the end as it was the beginning of our misery and the beginning of vexation. It is clear that the message Native Americans are sending is their disappointment and resignation. It seems like they expected something different coming from the Spanish and their believes but they only received treachery, harassment, persecution and affliction, as stated before, the beginning of vexation for their tribes.

How can we understand ourselve essays

How can we understand ourselve essays Often in life, man comes to an understanding of himself with time. He may not be very certain of how to achieve this understanding. In many cases they what to achieve this understanding of himself is through seeing life from another person point of view. When I was in elementary school, I was not a model student. I was constantly in trouble, and the way I came to learn this is that my friends and family would scold me for all the terrible things I did. I was an embarrassment. In 5th grade, as a prank, I stole my best friends pencil box and I teased him for about a week about it when my friend did find out, he was extremely angry. This shows that I was an extremist, and I learned this through my friends anger towards me. This experience revealed a side of me that I was not familiar with. In the novel Nectar in a Sieve a character named Rukmani comes to learn and understand herself through her family, friends, and even her enemies. In one part of the novel Nathan, Rukmanis husband, scolds Rukmani of not being able to bend like the grass. Rukmani learns that she has a hard time accepting change. She learns that she could not accept it even if her life may depend on it. Kunthi one of Rukmanis enemies threatens to reveal Rukmanis infidelity with a white doctor. Rukmani learns that by keeping her secrets from her husband she is performing a destructive behavior. She is in turn scared of her husbands denial Through the reactions of others we realize more about ourselves. Whether it is my friend helping me to realize my mistake, or whether Rukmani is learning her faults through pain and fear; they show that man can learn about themselves only through an eye of another. Other people are what allow us to realize our faults and good points. ...

Drawbacks of Persuasive Technology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drawbacks of Persuasive Technology - Dissertation Example This leaves the buyer feeling misled and betrayed. Such promotion has a negative impact on the company’s image and the brand image (Fogg & Tseng, 1999). Â  Moreover, there have been great concerns over the ethical issues that are faced by persuasive technology (Berdichevsky & Neuenschwander, 1999). As the field of persuasive technology is relatively new the persuasive factors from the advertisements are masked. Users most of the time are unaware of the fact that they are being persuaded into acting or behaving in a certain manner. Sometimes users are even unaware of the persuasive medium that is being used. Companies on a number of occasions have used video games and simulations to target children (Fogg, 2002). Â  Other than that there is a general concept among the masses that computers are fair and intelligent machines. Taking advantage of this concept companies develop biased software that confirms the claims of a particular vendor or company (Fogg, 1998). Â  Other than that computer can be used by companies as a scapegoat when companies face a problem. For example, if a person is persuaded by a piece of software and during the persuasion, the consumer suffers some loss the company could easily blame the software as being faulty or could blame the consumer for making a mistake as the software cannot make a mistake (Fogg, 2002). Â  Persuasive technology has been one of the widest tools used by companies to market their products. However, a majority these companies ignore the issues that arise with the implementation of persuasive technology.

Why does the author object to her son's decision to cohabitate rather Essay

Why does the author object to her son's decision to cohabitate rather than marry - Essay Example Her next argument is people opting for cohabitation have economic disadvantages. The absence of marriage document denies them the legal facilities and they are obliged to find costly housing options and are not entitled for the normal health benefits. The main issue is about the psychological imbalance. The stamp of cohabitating parents creates an identity problem for the grandchild. As the child grows up and when it comes to know about the reality of relationship between its father and mother, it will suffer from emotional distress and a sense of insecurity. Happiness of the parents alone is not important. The extended family also has the psychological necessity to share the happiness and will feel the sense of belonging when the marriage is legal. With the rigid stand of the son, Doe’s family is disappointed and feels disgraced. Cohabitation is the pointer to the inner cowardice of the individuals who have chosen to live together. One part of their calculative mind looks tow ards the exit door on an ongoing basis. The combustible younger generation does not understand what their societal responsibility is. Youngsters, who are fascinated with the idea of cohabitation, fail to appreciate what the true importance of marriage is. Marriage is harmony, togetherness, and willingness of the individuals to live under a common roof, though their secular goals may be different. It is to discover the unity of the souls, through diverse challenges of life. The rigidity of the younger generation, impacted by materialistic values, will lead to unpleasant consequences in the long run. Being a part of the family, one owes responsibility to its psychological well-being and it is the duty of the son not to create a sorry situation for the parents. Jane Doe laments, â€Å"Recently, I heard him refer to her as his girlfriend. I cannot believe that that description will be endearing to their son when he is able to understand,† is

Why do we need medical interpreters Research Paper

Why do we need medical interpreters - Research Paper Example Of all the articles that were selected and analyzed by the comparative use of ad hoc interpreters, there was a unanimous outcome which showed that using medical interpreters yield improved outcomes with utilization, clinical outcomes, communication, and patient satisfaction than when ad hoc interpreters are used. Writing on utilization, Fiscella et al (2012) noted that medical interpreters guarantee a high sense of utilization of the medical process. Evidence was given from various works of literature and the outcomes of various studies have should that medical interpreter are indeed needed in the healthcare delivery program. This is because when the roles of medical interpreters have assessed from the perspective of the four evaluation areas namely utilization, clinical outcomes, communication (errors and comprehension), and patient satisfaction, it was seen that having professional medical interpreters as against ad hoc interpreters ensured that there was improved performance. It would, therefore, be concluded that having and using medical interpreters is very important for ensuring improved outcomes for all individuals. By the use of medical interpreters, all people, regardless of the level of their English proficiency can be assured that they will receive health care outcomes that are well tailored to meet their needs. It will be appreciated that where there is inadequate training, the work of medical interpreters could be co nsequential. The need to continue emphasizing on the training of medical interpreters is therefore strongly recommended.

Impact of Wind Farms on Wild Life Avian Mortality

Impact of Wind Farms on Wild Life Avian Mortality Humanity depending on oil, coal and gas to produce energy is destroying many ecosystems around the world. They are reaching crisis levels, finding alternative energy source is critical. Wind power, can be viable energy source that costs very less than other power producers. Wind power releases no pollutants or harmful substances like the other generators. But there are some issues even with wind-energy such as bird mortality. Birds are getting killed through collisions with turbines and other supporting structures of wind-energy. Construction associated with wind turbines clear vegetation around the area, disturbing natural nesting area of birds and other wildlife. Many surveys have been conducted at various locations around the globe from 1990 regarding bird. In the recent surveys, it is revealed that huge number of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities at different sites of wind farms all across the globe. The surveys are done based on the carcass found near the wind turbine, but it is speculated that this method doesnt show the actual number of animal killed. According to the Globe and Mail article Wind farm turbines deadly for birds, bats a study conducted between July and December of 2009 at Wolfe Island with 86 huge turbines showed, 602 birds and 1,270 bats were killed by the turbines over that stretch. These numbers are in consistent with other wind farms in North America. Similar condition is estimated by The Spanish Ornithological Society in Madrid that Spains 18,000 wind turbines may be killing 6 million to 18 million birds and bats annually according to article The trouble with turbines: An ill wind byMeera Subramanian. At another big farm, The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California housing 5,400 wind turbine they conducted a study where they searched for bird carcasses within 50 m of 4,074 wind turbines for periods ranging from 6 months to 4.5 years. Using mortality estimates adjusted for searcher detection and scavenger removal rates, They estimated the annual wind turbine-caused bird fatalities to number 67 golden eagles, 188red-tailed hawks, 348 American kestrels , 440 burrowing owls , 1,127 raptors, and 2,710 birds according acrticle Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California by Smallwood, K Shawn. Many believe that the survey numbers are underestimated. To solve these issues many steps have been taken such as estimating various aspects of the survey. Aspects include estimated area to find carcass, probability of finding carcass, persistence rate and the number of carcasses found divided by estimated detection probability to obtain precise bird fatalities according to article Ecological impacts of wind farms on birds:Questions,hypotheses,and research needs by Shifeng Wang, SicongWang , Pete Smith (600). The article also states that new technologies have also been implemented to further the research such as remote sensing technologies into the monitoring experiments. Radar which uses microwaves to detect objects in the sky and build images based on it which is being used to determine and evaluate birds flight pattern. Other technologies include thermal infrared imaging cameras used to observe bird movement around wind turbines. These technologies certainly help in understanding and making wind farms truly eco-friendly Wind farms can also impact the habitats around them. The scale of direct habitat loss depends on the scale of wind farms and infrastructure. It is estimated around 2-5% of the total development area. According to article Information needs to support environmental impact assessment of the effects of European marine offshore wind farms on birds, by A.D.Fox Few measures have been developed and identified to decrease avian mortality by studying their biology,flight patterns and environmental surroundings. Mitigation measures can be divideded into two categories 1) Best practice measures 2) Additional measures. Best practice measures are those which should be a standard in all wind farms and additional measures are based on the aspects of wind farms such as their location, size and infrastructure. Halting wind turbine if any bird group is passing through. This can reduce bird mortality rate by 50%. The Mitigation methods should be species specific. Collision reduction can be reduced through audible deterrence. Using negative reinforcement technique by playing sounds of predator birds near the turbines will decrease the chances of bird entering the radius of wind turbine. Avoiding breeding areas or critical habitats in and near the wind farm construction. Identifying the conservation areas and avoiding them. With this measure any key ecological area can be preserved such as bird habitat, endangered bird species, bird migration areas etc. Implementation of proper safety practices to protect key and sensitive areas. Providing proper training and information to the site workers and employing a ecologist during wind farm establishment Establishing proper monitoring sensors in and around the wind farms to avoid future potential bird fatalities. Establishing turbines in close vicinity. Engineering a solution to fit even big turbines. Grouping turbines together with proper estimated gaps based on the flight patterns of birds and providing minimum corridor for bird flight. Painting the turbine blades to make them more visible during all weather conditions can reduce the collision rate of birds. Installing most of the cables underground would minimize exterior infrastructure but can disturb natural habitat around. Establishing wind farms in proper time avoiding sensitive periods such as migrating season of birds. Maintenance crews have to follow proper timing periods that doesnt disturb the habitat around as the crews need to use boats or helicopters for offshore installations. These are some of the measures suggested in the article Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds by Allan L. Drewitt. There are two sides to every coin. Every man made change in the nature has both positive and negative impacts. I believed that wind farms are clean pure energy which humanity should move towards but even wind farms are having impact on wildlife habitats around. Considering the damage done by other power generators this can be minimal but thriving to make wind energy more eco-friendly is necessary. Every bird fatalities has a impact on the food chain established by the nature disturbing the food chain can have unforeseen consequences around the globe. Following the standard and necessary measures to prevent avian mortality in necessary. Works Cited Richard , Blackwell . Windfarm turbines deadly for birds, bats. Windfarm turbines deadly for birds, bats (Published Wednesday, Jun. 09 2010, 9:34 PM EDT ): n. pag. Web. Shifeng Wang. Ecological impacts of wind farms on birds :Questions,hypotheses,and research needs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2015): 600-06. Web. Meera Subramanian. Bird and Bat deaths from wind turbines. The trouble with turbines: An ill wind (20 June 2012): n. pag. Web. Smallwood, K Shawn. Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California. Journal of Wildlife Management (January 2008): 215-23. Web. ALLAN L. DREWITT. Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. International Journal of Avian Science (27 March 2006): n. pag. Web.

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his Work :: essays papers

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his Work Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born in Indianapolis in 1922. His father was an architect, his mother a noted beauty. Both spoke German, but wouldn’t teach Kurt the language because of all the anti-German sentiment following the first World War. While in high school, Vonnegut edited the school's daily newspaper. He attended Cornell for a little over two years and wrote for the Cornell Daily Sun. In 1942, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In 1944, his mother committed suicide and he was taken prisoner following the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, Vonnegut entered a Masters program in anthropology at the University of Chicago. His thesis, titled Fluctuations Between Good and Evil in Simple Tales, was not accepted, but eventually he was awarded his MA for his writings in Cat’s Cradle. Throughout the 1950s Vonnegut published numerous short stories in national magazines. Player Piano, his first novel, appeared in 1952. This was followed by Sirens of Titan in 1959, Mother Night (1962), Cat's Cradle (1963), God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965), and his most highly-praised book, Slaughterhouse Five in 1969. Vonnegut has been prolific in the subsequent years, too. His most recent novel Timequake was published in 1997. On February 13, 1945, while Vonnegut was still a POW in Dresden, the city was bombed killing 135,000 citizens. Vonnegut and other Allied POW’s took shelter in an underground meat locker. This was the basis for one of Vonnegut’s most famous works, Slaughterhouse-Five. "All of this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true."1 So begins Slaughterhouse-Five. In the book an American POW named Billy Pilgrim witnesses and survives the firebombing of Dresden. Later, after he makes it home from the war, Pilgrim is kidnapped by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore. They explain to him their concept of time and space and that we exist solely for them. Vonnegut has said that he always intended to write about his experience, but was unable to do so for more than twenty years. He wanted to simply describe what happened through a narrative, but it never worked. The novel is a response to war. "It is so short and jumbled and jangled," says Vonnegut, "because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre." It’s easy to see how Vonnegut’s war time experience had an influence on Slaughterhouse-Five but, his knowledge of war also had some influence on Cat’s Cradle.

Chemical Equilibrium: Le Chatelier Principle Essay

This experiment entitled â€Å"Chemical Equilibrium† aims to help students to investigate the effects of concentration and temperature upon the position of equilibrium in a cobalt chloride solution, Co(H2O)62+. In this experiment, cobalt crystal is dissolved with distilled water and ethanol which the initial colour is purple-pinkish and a few drops of concentration of HCl is added to the test tube, the final colour is in deep blue colour. Upon the effect of concentration and temperature, the equilibrium will shift backward in the reaction with accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle producing more HCl molecules. This means that equilibrium rate of forward and backward reactions were met. In result, this reaction is endothermic. Introduction Chemical equilibrium is the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction; the rate of forward and reverse reaction are equal, and the concentration of the reactants and products stop changing1. When this condition was met, there was no change in the proportions of the various compounds involved, and the reaction ceases to progress. The equilibrium state has a dynamic – that is, active – nature being characterized by the simultaneous and continuous formation of products from the reactants and reactants from the products2. But these simultaneous reactions do not necessarily follow that the concentrations of the reactants is equal to that of the product(s). Instead, the ratio of the concentrations of the reactants to the concentration of the product(s) raised to their coefficient in the balanced equation is Keq, a constant. Taking the Le Chatelier’s principle into consideration, there are factors that may shift or influence the position of equilibrium4. The Le Chatelier’s principle states that if stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will tend to shift in the direction which will relieve the applied stress. Some factors that can affect are concentration, temperature and pressure. Alterations in the system’s conditions at equilibrium may favour either a forward or backward shift. The objectives of the experiment are: to evaluate how the change in concentration and the change in temperature affect the equilibrium system, to explain the effects of these changes in the equilibrium system, and to interpret the results based on the Le Chatelier’s principle. Experiment Materials & Equipments: †¢3 Test tubes †¢Cold water bath †¢Concentrated HCl †¢60mL of Ethanol †¢Cobalt (II) Chloride crystal †¢Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) †¢H2O, distilled water Changes in color (specifically intensity), appearances and reactions should be observed and taken note of throughout the experiment. To begin this experiment, cobalt (II) chloride crystal is added into a new test tube and dissolve it with distilled water. Make sure the solution is mixed well before adding concentration of HCl. Continuously adding drops of concentration of HCl into the test tube until the solution turns deep blue in colour. After that, separate the new solution to 2 new test tube. Test tube 1 is placed into a cold water bath to analyse the final colour of the solution when it encounters cool surrounding. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added into test tube 2 and is mixed well. Observations were recorded, and direction of shift was deduced from the observations. If the reagent caused the mixture to shift to a lighter colour, then the direction of shift is backward. If the reagent caused the mixture to shift to a darker colour, then the direction of shift is forward.

Gender profiling of San Sherpas Yanomamo essays

Gender profiling of San Sherpas Yanomamo essays Womens status in Sun community is very high and their influence considerable. They maintain a status that is higher than that women in many societies in the world. Although women may be nearly equal to men, men do seem to have the upper hand. There is no prerogative in relation to the important sources of influence in San society. Since there is no formal leaders or hierarchies, decisions are made on the basis of group consensus. Each group has people, whose opinion has more weight because of age, intelligence, charisma, knowledge or having ancestors who have lived in the area longer. These people tend to be more prominent in group discussions and despite their lack of formal authority, they function as group leader. Men occupy these positions more often than women, but old women, especially whose with large families assume such roles. However, men are the ones who learn foreign languages, who attend government meetings, and who speak out on behalf of the community. Ownership of water holes is inherited through women as well as men. And although possession of water holes is symbolic it gives an important status to women. Also, women can be healers, but men traditionally dominated this sphere of Sans life. Most often women use their healing skills in response to the need of a close family member and not in a ritual setting. The status and respect that go with being a healer is, therefore, only minimally available to women. Women are the main providers of food. The food they gather is the majority of the daily diet of their families. Their economic activity is an autonomous undertaking. Men do not regulate womens schedules; do not tell them what food to gather and where to go. Also, a woman determines how much of her gathering, will be given away, and to whom. From start to finish, her labor and its product remain her own control. Meat, which is considered more valuable than gathered food, is ...

Afghanistan,War,and Children

Afghanistan,War,and Children Free Online Research Papers Afghanistan has been in a continuous state of civil war since the 1970’s. As is known, war affects all aspects of life. The Afghan war has affected billions of people worldwide and quiet possible has had its biggest effect on the children of Afghanistan. About half of the country’s population is under the age of 18, which means 15 million children. Out of that 15 million, 5 million are under the age of 5 (UNICEF). The children of Afghanistan lead dangerous and tortured lives because of these wars. Afghanistan lacks proper child labor laws, health and nutrition programs, and the education that is necessary for these children to grow into civilized citizens of their country. Globally, there are 215 million children against whom the act of child labor is committed (12 June World). In Afghanistan, this problem worsens by the day. Because of all the wars, especially after the Soviet and Taliban invasions, many of the men and women were wounded. These invasions also left many children orphaned and left to survive the streets alone. Those children became adults, adults who grew up without proper schooling and who, for the most part, are illiterate. While those adults survived decades of war and violence they do not possess the education, and/or professional skills to use in the workforce to be able to provide for their families. The children are forced to step up and go out into the workforce. They become the main, and in some cases, the sole, breadwinner for their families and continue the cycle contributing high poverty and low literacy. Some estimate that as much as 30 percent of school aged children are now in the workforce, of that 30 percent, 21 percent are employed in shops and 13 as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, and can be found doing anything from working on plantations to repairing vehicles, tailoring, and farming (Mohd). In Kabul, and many other major cities of Afghanistan, these children shine shoes, beg, clean cars, sell plastic bags, scrap metal, paper, and firewood on the streets. A child’s rights officer at the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) says, â€Å"Both male and female children have been the increasing victims of war and criminality in Afghanistan but the government has not done enough to alleviate their hardship and to reduce their deprivation.† (Mohd) Efforts to reduce the child labor rates are underway. According to Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, every child has the right to education, and free education should be accessible to all children on the basis of equal opportunity. (Yecha) Afghan law also mandates education up to the ninth grade and provides free education up to university level. Afghanistan also made plans in 2006 at the London Convention to have 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys enrolled in school by the end of this year. Also, in March of 2010, UNICEF and the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Country Programme Action Plan for 2010-2013. (Ayari) Because security in the country is well, insecure. The programme is geared toward â€Å"fast track high-impact interventions† that will tie in with existing development programs, emergency response planning, and that are aimed at accessing areas in disadvantaged communities. Over the next 4 years, 400 million dollars will be spent bettering the country for the future generation. However, child labor is not the only, and definitely not the biggest concern for Afghan children. According to Save the Children, In Afghanistan, it is more likely that a child dies before the age of 5, than it is for the child to ever see adulthood. Nearly 6o percent of Afghani children will die from illness that could have been prevented because of lack of nutrition and lack of access to clean water (One Fourth). Although there are ‘conflict zones’ like Helmand that are the most heavily aided places in the world, there are many families that are outside of these zones that are unable to access food and clean water for their children and yet there is no shortage of food in most parts of the country (McCarthy). Diarrhea and respiratory diseases are major causes of child mortality. Often the main problem is bad hygiene, said Eric Ouannes the head of mission for the French aid organization Action Contre la Faim. More often than not, the problem is bad hygiene and lack of p roper care of the resources the people have. There is no need to alert the world to an impending famine, he says. But there is a need to look closely at health care issues over the long term (McCarthy). The second pillar in UNICEF’s Country Programme Action Plan addresses health care and nutrition. It includes implementing new health, nutrition, and hygiene programs as well as educating communities about prevention interventions. (Ayari) Although improper food and nutrition and an elaborate case of over working of Afghan children has proved life threatening physically, the lack of education in Afghanistan will prove fatal to the country as a whole. Because of the Taliban, girls were not allowed to attend schools and the boys were sold into the military. That generation of children that grew up during the reign of the Taliban has been denied their basic rights to better themselves and thus, better their country. Now because they do not possess the skills needed to survive in the working world, their children are also missing out on schooling to become child laborers and provide for their family instead of attending class and making a more permanent impact. And the cycle continues. Over 70 percent of the population in Afghanistan is currently illiterate. With a sheer lack of schools and the socio-religious mindset that is Afghanistan today; 15 million children are deprived of an education (Afghan Children Deprived). In areas where there are schools, the teachers are underpaid, overworked, and unqualified. Classes must be held in tents, or under trees, outdoors on footpaths, but what happens during bad weather conditions that make it impossible for the children to focus on their learning? Even these spaces become virtually unusable in the worst of conditions. Slowly but surely, the education crisis in Afghanistan is being addressed by both the Afghan government, and organizations helping in the aid of the country. Since 2001, the enrollment of girls in school has gone from 3 percent while the Taliban was in power, to one-third of all students (Afghan Children’s Plight). However, with enrollment reaching new heights, so is the concern for suicide bombings and air strikes from US and NATO forces in, on, and around schools. The new Afghan law declares mandatory education up to the ninth grade and provides free education up to the university level. In 2006, at a conference held in London, Afghanistan government set up goals to have 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys in school by the end of this year. (Yecha) This also goes hand in hand with bringing the child labor rates down. If Afghanistan can educate their children and get them off of the streets working, Afghanistan will be in a much better place. UNICEF’s Country Pr ogramme Action Plan also addresses educating some of the worse off communities about prevention of some illnesses in its second pillar (Ayari). In the long run, that will be the answer to Afghanistan’s problem. Education. We as Americans take lightly all that we are offered here in this country; especially what is available to our children. Our government provides food, clothing, living expenses, social security, etc. Granted, our government is not perfect, but here we have been blessed with the â€Å"right† to address our government with our concerns and to see something be done about it. American children, unlike the Afghan children, are protected by child labor laws, running water, and everything necessary readily available for their health and education. The children of Afghanistan are the ones that will make the difference for their country. By educating the up and coming population of the country we can teach them to be self sufficient. By giving the future generation an education, we provide the country with the doctors, nurses, teachers, government officials they need to bring Afghanistan to a better place in the future. â€Å"The young are the only ones that can rehabilitate our count ry, because you cannot start over with the old generation.† Shafiq Popal, 30, leader of a youth organization. By bettering one country, we better our entire world. â€Å"Afghan Children Deprived of Rights.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 20 Nov. 2009: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. During the 3 decades of war in Afghanistan, 300,000 children died. A large number of the children that die each year are due to malnutrition and 1/3 of landmine victims in Afghanistan are children. On top of that there are tragic living conditions that affect all aspects of the Afghan children’s lives. The lack of schools and the socio-religious mindset of people deprive 15 million Afghan children of their education. According to Action Aid, the majority of children are working to help support their families, and most of those children are the sole ‘bread winner’ for their families. There are 200,000 Afghan children with disabilities, for which the government has no benefits or aid for. The government needs to work to help these children and enact laws that ensure that their rights are not being violated and they can live fulfilling happy lives, as children. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. Some of the statistics and facts in the article were used to show the horrible living conditions of the Afghan children. The numbers the article quotes from ActionAid show that child labor is a huge problem in Afghanistan and something must done about it. â€Å"Afghan Children’s Plight.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 12 May 2010: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. In this article the author addresses the dangers that Afghan children face in Kabul today. He/she talks about how security in Afghanistan has gone down causing major concerns for the Afghani people, especially children. Martin Bell, UNICEF’s UK ambassador comments that although there has been ‘great progress’ in health, nutrition and education sectors in recent years, the children of Afghanistan are â€Å"at more risk now then they have been since 2002.† Since 2001, the enrollment of girls in school has gone from 3 percent while the Taliban was in power, to one-third of all students. With enrollment going up the concern for suicide bombings and air strikes from US and NATO forces are raising concerns, not only for citizen causalities, but also those involving schools. British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, believes that Afghanistan is the frontline state against the Taliban, and therefore appreciates all the efforts against terrorism there. He says that the work being done there is â€Å"important bulwark against terrorism everywhere in the world.â€Å" The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. The author states the importance of the efforts in Afghanistan and other countries to rid the world of terrorism. In my paper I used Martin Bell statement that says although there is some progress, there is still a lot that need to be done. While enrollment in schools has gone up for both boys and girls, security is still a big issue. Ayari, Farida. â€Å"New Country Programme Helps Children Achieve Their Rights in Afghanistan.† UNICEF. Ed. UNICEF. N.p., 4 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 July 2010. On February 25, 2010, UNICEF and the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Country Programme Action Plan for 2010-2013. (Ayari) Because security in the country is well, insecure. The programme is geared toward â€Å"fast track high-impact interventions† that will tie in with existing development programs, emergency response planning, and that are aimed at accessing areas in disadvantaged communities. Over the next 4 years, 400 million dollars will be spent bettering the country for the future generation. UNICEF stands for the United Children’s Fund. UNICEF was created with this purpose in mind – to work with others to overcome the obstacles that poverty, violence, disease and discrimination place in a child’s path. UNICEF has global authority and the power to influence great decision makers through its many partnerships. It is this that puts UNICEF in such a valuable role as an advocate for children’s rights all around the world. Information from this article was used to explain what UNICEF’s Country Programme Action Plan was, and how it is being used to help the children in Afghanistan live better lives. Mohd, Ahsan. â€Å"Will the Suffering of Afghan Children End?† Daily Outlook Afghanistan: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 8 July 2010. Because of long term wars and conflicts in Afghanistan like the Soviet Invasion and the harsh rule of the Taliban many Afghan children were orphaned and left to survive on their own. Those children became adults, adults without schooling who are illiterate. And while those now adults have survived years and years of war and violence they have no professional skills to use now that they are adults. Those adults now contribute to the high poverty level and their children are now responsible to go and work for a living continuing the cycle. In Afghanistan, 21 percent of child workers are employed in shops; 13 percent work as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. They do jobs such as vehicle repair, metal workshops, tailoring and farming. In Kabul and many other major cities of Afghanistan, there are children who shine shoes, beg, clean cars and collect and sell scrap metal, paper and firewood on the street for extra money. A child rights officer at the Afghanistan In dependent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) says, â€Å"Both male and female children have been the increasing victims of war and criminality in Afghanistan but the government has not done enough to alleviate their hardship and to reduce their deprivation.† Something must be done to bring security back to this country so these children can break the cycle and bring Afghanistan back. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. This article has a lot of useful information in regards to child labor in Afghanistan. AIHRC is quoted saying that the government is not doing enough to alleviate the hardships that the children (and their families) are facing. This among some of the other facts and figures were used in the paper. â€Å"One Fourth of Children Die before the Age of Five.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 8 July 2010. In Afghanistan, children are more likely to die before the age of five than they are to ever see adulthood, according to Save the Children. At the current rate, one child dies every 2 minutes. According to a study done by Save the Children, 2009 brought more deaths to Afghan children than any other year since the fall of the Taliban. The latest figures show that more than 1,050 children’s lives were lost in airstrikes, explosions, crossfire, and suicide bombings. But the war isn’t the only thing that is taking children’s’ lives. Almost 60 percent of Afghani children will die from preventable illnesses because of malnutrition and lack of access to good clean water. Although ‘conflict zones’ like Helmand are among the most heavily aided places in the world, families outside of these conflict zones are unable to access food and clean water for their children. If the World Aids really want to help they need to extend their aid to places outside o f the conflict zones so that so many wars-stricken children do not have to die. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. This article was used to show how poor the health care in Afghanistan, especially for the children, really is. It shows that the rate of children dying unnecessarily from preventable diseases. â€Å"12 June, World Day against Child Labor.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 14 June 2010: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 14 July 2010. World Day Against Child Labor is observed on June 12 internationally. Eleven years ago the International Labor Organization’s Convention No. 182 was adopted by the international community. In Afghanistan children are not only subjected to various kinds of child labor but also to a lack of security in their country. For most of these families, the children bring in the only source of income, and if the children do not go out and work their family will go hungry. According to a UN report 346 Afghan children were killed in 2009, and if the violence continues the numbers will be worse in 2010. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. Some of the statistics and figures in this article were used to help support the fact that child labor is a huge and devastating problem in Afghanistan, and around the world. Yecha, Sher Ali. â€Å"Child Labor in Afghanistan Nothing Done so Far.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 7 Dec. 2009: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. One in six children in the world are exploited and/or abused in child labor. These children are everywhere working in landmines, plantations, and workshops. In Afghanistan this problem grows more several by the day. The problem lies in political tension and inequalities socioeconomically. According to some estimates 30 percents of school aged children are working. After the Soviet and Taliban invasion most of the men and women were wounded. Because of this many of these children are often the only source of income for their families. In Afghanistan, 21 percent of child workers are employed in shops; 13 percent work as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. Efforts to reduce to reduce the child labor rates are underway. According to article 28 of the convention on the rights of the child, every child has the right to education and free education should be accessible to all children on the basis of equal opportunity. Afghan Law declares education mandatory up to nint h grade and provides free education up to university level. In 2006, there was a conference held in London where Afghanistan set goals that were to be met by 2010. This plan includes enrollment of 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys in schools. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. To show what is being done in Afghanistan to try and bring up the rates of children in schools. It discusses the goals of the Convention of Rights of Children and the new Afghan Law. Research Papers on Afghanistan,War,and ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtStandardized Testing

Heroes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Heroes - Essay Example Nicholus (pp. 347-348) believes that the word Hero has been overused and actually abused in the American public. Klinkenborg (Para 1) also looks at the issue of heroism in America and also points to the fact that it has been used. He looks at the issue of the American soldiers who have greatly suffered in the war and wonders whether the cause for which they suffered was worthy. Nicholus (pp. 347-348) points to the fact that people have become so obsessed with the idea of heroism that they use it wherever and whenever they can. He also argues that this overuse and misuse of heroism is not good because it has caused an illusion in the understanding of heroism and what it should mean as well as the purpose it serves. He points out to the fact that heroism has been used to refer to people who have faithfully served in their duty such as those who faithfully served in the September 11 incidence. He points to the fact that victims have been referred to as heroes and thus losing the mea ning of the term hero because heroes are supposed to be role models, something a victim cannot be. Klinkenborg (Para 2) also seems to have the same sentiments about heroism. He addresses the issue of American soldiers who have served and suffered in the Middle East war and shows how they have really suffered while serving. However, his big question is whether the purpose for which they suffered was worthy and therefore if that makes them heroes. Nicholus engages his audience in this topic by using evidence-based argument. For instance, he refers to the etymology of the word hero and looks at what the word hero originally meant in the Greek language. He even gives examples of some Greek heroes and the deeds they did in order to acquire their status as heroes. Most importantly, Nicholas looks at the conditions which are necessary for a hero status to be assigned to an individual. He lists a number of four conditions which an individual should meet in order to be called a hero and thes e include ingenuity, courage, a noble purpose and finally, success. This final condition, he argues that it is crucial in determining whether a person is a hero or not since even in cases where the individual has the first three conditions, failing to succeed robs him or her the status of a hero. At the same time he argues that assigning hero status to those who have failed or in particular victims of heinous acts such as the September 11th attack makes heroism look bad and make heroes to be diminished in their purpose. Nicholus (pp. 347-348) also tried to distinguish a hero from an ordinary person doing their job. However, he seemed to have noticed that he was tackling a sensitive matter in regard to the status of the people who suffered in the September 11th attacks and first addresses this issue by clearing the fact the he acknowledges that these people need to not only be appreciated but also that they should be grieved accordingly. Klinkenborg (Para 1), also seems to have the s ame concerns about heroism in the American public. Like Nicholus, he also points to the September 11th attack and how it led to the American people going into a frenzy of heroism. Just like Nicholus also, he realises the sensitive nature of the topic and therefore treads carefully around the issue. In the second paragraph for instance, he says that no one should have the right to argue that

Employee Retention in the fast Food Industry Assignment

Employee Retention in the fast Food Industry - Assignment Example According to the paper, presently, variations in trade agreements, technology, global economics and any other such factors are directly affecting employer/employee relationships. For quite some time loyalty has been the basis for that relationship. Losing very talented employees may be very disadvantageous to the future success of the company. Outstanding employees of a company may leave because they are underpaid, dissatisfied or unmotivated, therefore, trying to retain them is likely to present many challenges to the organization. Such employees may demand higher wages; they may fail to comply with the directions of managers, fail to comply with practices of the organization, or not interact well with their colleagues. The organization’s desire to retain such employees may be further complicated by information asymmetry because lack of enough information may not help the organization to differentiate productive employees from unproductive ones. Workers frequently take credit for other employees’ success and deflect failures to others. Thus, employees may be punished or awarded for outcomes that they are not part of. Inadequate information regarding performance of employees may result in adverse selection, outstanding ones may leave, and abysmal ones may stay. The situation is likely to occur when exceptional workers are not rewarded and both productive and nonproductive ending up with the same or almost the same compensation package. The problem of keeping outstanding workers in the company is further complicated due to bounded rationality. This results due to information asymmetry because workers do not know the information to provide and the managers do not know what information to ask from their employees.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 43

Business Law - Essay Example Loss of jobs does not go hand in hand with employment law that states that employees should not be terminated without a reasonable cause. When people lose their jobs, it means that they will live below the poverty line. The government therefore will not have attained its objective of poverty reduction because as others earn more, others lose. Another reason why the minimum wage should not be raised is that low wage workers will lack the incentive to educate themselves further. When workers are paid more, they will lack the motivation to enroll in colleges and further their education. It therefore means that workers will gets stuck in their jobs for longer periods instead of moving to other rewarding jobs. The overall effect will be that the country’s education level will be low. Finally, minimum wage should not be raised because raising minimum wage means that more money will be pocketed by the poor people at the expense of the employer. In order to cater for the increase in income, it means that the employer will find ways increasing income through ways such as increasing taxes. If taxes are increased, then the welfare of the people will not be catered

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay â€Å"If you want to test cosmetics and drugs, why do it on some poor animal who hasnt done anything? They should use prisoners who have been convicted of murder or rape instead. So, rather than seeing if perfume irritates a bunny rabbits eyes, they should throw it in Charles Mansons eyes and ask him if it hurts.† ― Ellen DeGeneres, My PointAnd I Do Have One. None have ever thought about when he or she buy a cosmetic product that they are contributing to the agonizing procedures animals have to endure to bring the finished product to their use. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 million animals, from cats, dogs and primates, to rabbits, rats and mice suffer and die in the name of research. 92% of the drugs that passed for animals during testing did not pass for humans, and therefore many animals have been hurt, scarred for life, or even put to death for nothing. Animals should stop being the lab-rats for testing products because, many animals are hurt and die during the agonizing procedures they are forced to endure while testing without anesthetics to ease their pain with horrible environments to live in , medical testing on animals is an outdated practice that has it flaws and is sometimes false and misleading, finally animal testing is archaic and many other options to test drugs and products are optional instead of using animals. Animal testing provides inaccurate results that are also misleading. There is a 92% chance that drugs that pass animals will not cope or work the same for humans for various of reasons. One of these reasons is that animal systems are far different than a humans ( immune system) . Human disease does not happen in animals, it is usually artificially created, therefore not so similarly the same as the actual disease, just something a bit similar in characteristics. An example of this is if the air outside your house was a similar compound to oxygen, but not quite, would you risk your life and go outside? Likewise, animal testing always has its flaws. For example, in a repeated animal study failed to show t he similarities between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. As a result of this effect, it slowed down the public warnings about the dangers of cigarettes, regardless of a huge amount of human data available at that time. Similarly, some experiments such as stroke research with rodents caused false conclusions, misleading research and wasted funds and manpower (time). Of the 25 drugs which reduced the effect of stroke in rodents, not even a smudge of it worked in a human patient . Certainly medical testing on animals is very inaccurate with many flaws. In general 104,000 animals during testing each year were used in research that was either painful, distressful, or both with nothing to ease their pain and they of course got hurt. If the animal had been severely hurt during testing they must undergo countless surgeries that are painful, and sometimes without anesthetics. In addition to add to the pain , animals are kept in harsh environments during testing such as, clear or white plastic boxes about the size of a shoebox for small animals like the mouse and about a box 2 times the size for larger animals like guinea pigs. Not only are animals kept in such small concrete boxes, usually more than two animal live in one box. The effects of this are potent, because this increase the chances an animal can catch disease from one another and increases the chances animals can attack one another, shown in 1960s studies scientists made . If animals do not die from testing, they gain permanent effects, such as blindness are used in more than one test if the animal pass the conditions to be experimented on. God loved the birds and invented trees. Man loved the birds and invented cages. Jacques Deval, Afin de vivre bel et bien Many scientists say if animal testing is banned how will medical research continue? Are we willing to sacrifice millions of sick and dying loved humans, who have families and complex emotions, for the sake of a bunch of mice who will only live a year or two anyway? However, the answer to this question is no, because there are many other ways to test drugs. One such way is microdosing (in virtro technology). What is microdosing you may ask to yourself? Microdosing is is a technique for studying the behavior of drugs in humans through the administration of doses so low they are unlikely to produce whole-body effects, but high enough to allow the cellular response to be studied. This technique is fairly safe to humans , and a better approach than killing innocent animals with horrible results. Microdosing is also cheaper, faster and much more accurate than testing poor animals. Thus, animal testing is a dreadful technique scientists use to test drugs and cosmetics on. The negative effects of this technique outweigh the positive effects. There are many other techniques to study drugs that are more beneficial and cheaper than animal testing and most importantly, no one is hurt in the outcome. Treat animals as if they are humans since they are living souls too. Try to put yourself â€Å"in their shoes.†

The Gothic Tradition in Stokers Dracula and Wildes Picture of Dorian

The Gothic Tradition in Stoker's Dracula and Wilde's Picture of Dorian Gray Gothic Literature was a natural progression from romanticism, which had existed in the 18th Century. Initially, such a ‘unique’ style of literature was met with a somewhat mixed response; although it was greeted with enthusiasm from members of the public, literary critics were much more dubious and sceptical. Gothic writing is a style of literature that relies upon the evocation of moods, feelings and imagery for impact. This style of writing was developed during an age of great scientific discovery – such literature marked a reaction against the prevailing ‘Age of Enlightenment’. Many Gothic authors opposed the new-found faith and enthusiasm placed in these discoveries, believing that they restricted freedom of imagination. Consequently, Gothic writers inhabited areas where no answers are provided – exploiting people’s fears and offering answers that are in stark contrast to the otherwise scientific explanations. Gothic writing is a style that depends upon the evocation of moods, which is reflected mainly in the writing style of a novel. ‘Dracula’ is written in the first person – ‘I must have been asleep’ - with a constant change of narrator within chapters. Wilde, however, wrote in the third person, omniscient, giving us the observer’s point of view whilst still showing us the intelligence and class of his characters through the language that they use – ‘come, Mr Gray, my hansom is outside’. The diary entries or notes used in ‘Dracula’ are fragmented and have an epistolary structure ‘Jonathon Harker’s Journal’. This emphasises each of the character’s feelings of isolation and loneliness, adding to the appeal of the reader. During the entries, Stok... ... die, innocence and good is corrupted and there is a connection to sexuality. Both novels create an aspect of mystery for the reader of the 19th century. Stoker’s portrayal of a creature little known by the English public of the 1890’s would have been of fear inspiring fascination to read about. Though few would have read John Palidori’s vampire novel, more perhaps would have heard the tale of Vlad the Impaler. He was a man who supposedly drank human blood or the blood of his war victims, and was in fact a ‘Dracule’. This basis in reality would add a sadistic interest to the novel. Wilde’s novel, though equally inexplicable, doesn’t create the same feeling of terror, but does raise a number of reservations in its reader. Both novels are seemingly successful texts in upholding the interest of the reader through many of the typical conventions of the Gothic tradition.

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Toxicology is a quickly developing field concerned with the research how natural and semisynthetic pollutants impact the wellness of worlds, wildlife, and whole ecosystems. It involves application of a assortment of techniques to analyze the impact of toxic agents on life beings and provides powerful tools for measuring the hazards associated with the presence of these agents. It draws on a assortment of scientific subjects to depict, step, explain and predict the badness and frequence of inauspicious effects on life beings due to environmental poisonous exposure. Pollution, depletion of resources and decomposition of ecological maps are of planetary, regional and local concerns. Environmental toxicology nowadayss many practical applications to these jobs. The findings are used by authorities bureaus to put new pollution control criterions and to analyse the badness of harm in an ecosystem and develop the smartest ways to travel about cleaning it up. Land development co mpanies may besides work with environmental toxicologists to do certain that glade and building attempts are every bit environmentally-friendly as possible. It involves proving dirt, H2O, and air samples to look for the beginning pollution, and utilize their findings to better understand wellness impacts on native species. Pakistan, as developing state, is confronting challenges with a figure of serious environmental issues such as devolution of natural resources, industrial and vehicular pollution, pollution of coastal environment, impairment of human wellness. Sum uping in fiscal footings, the one-year cost of environmental disparagement in the state is about 4.3 % of GDP ( US $ 4.3 billion ) . This workshop is about the turning sum of pollution in Pakistan. Examines findings of different surveies turn outing that wellness is being adversely affected by a assortment of environmental contaminations. The above state of affairs has arisen due to a figure of factors including high pop ulation growing rate, predominating poorness, unplanned urban and industrial enlargement, deficient accent on environmental protection in the authorities policies, deficiency of public consciousness and instruction and deficiency of institutional capacity and resources for effectual environmental direction. To forestall continued environmental debasement and the diminution of human & A ; environmental wellness, interactions between human, other life beings and the environment have to be in harmoniousness. This is accomplishable through an integrated, holistic attack embracing instruction and research activities in natural scientific disciplines, socio-economic and political factors with technological, economic and socio-cultural intercessions. Increasing consciousness of environmental debasement is ensuing in proliferation of environmental statute law throughout the universe. This thrust towards greater environmental protection has created a demand for scientists skilled in measurin g environmental resources and more significantly the jobs associated with their development. Environmental appraisal may be required to measure the biological, physical or hydrological resources of any environment, and to put these resources within a wider geographical context. This workshop is an attempt to supply a wide foundation of scientific based accomplishments to germinate, fiting environmental professions, peculiarly in countries associating to environmental protection and direction. Furthermore, the national and international demands have been under concern for better environmental direction understanding the inter-relationship between sustainable economic development and environmental protection. Opening comments from Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Chairman section of pharmacological medicine and toxicology/the Director Research UVAS, were followed by that of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nawaz, Vice Chancellor of the Exchequer UVAS, and Prof. Dr. Mrs. Kausar Jamal Cheema, Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, all of whom emphasized the importance to use the corporate wisdom in proviso of improved methods for toxicity appraisal and rational agencies for gauging wellness hazard in order to advance public wellness and to supply a better and safer environment to forestall wellness jobs before they occur. They added further it is our mission to develop new environmental toxicologists and reference pertinent environmental toxicology inquiries through instruction and research in countries such as chemical destiny, bioavailability, biological consequence, toxicokinetics, and mechanisms of action. A focal point on interdisciplinary attacks and scientific accomplishm ents is cardinal to our instruction and research activities. Dr. Sohail Ejaz ( co-author of this study ) , PhD, University of Cambridge, UK co-ordinator and workshop organiser presented on the advanced appraisal techniques for measuring impact of Air Pollution upon Neuroinflammatory diseases of Central nervous system and how these surveies could be implemented in our research labs. New dimensions have been added to the array of result steps. Medical outcomes research now recognizes that patient wellbeing should be loosely conceptualized and measured strictly, in add-on to sing the biological procedure of the disease itself. As a consequence, health-related quality of life, the perceptual experience of wellbeing, is now considered a necessary constituent of results research. Toxicologic surveies have besides gained in edification through incorporation of more sensitive indexs of consequence and the careful tracing of the relationship between exposure and biologically relevant doses to aim sites, which may now be considered at a molecular degree . He besides gave an overview of all his research activities conducted at Department of Clinical Neuroscience and how to work upon such techniques in our state with scarced resources and what marks to be achieved farther to get the better of environmental pollution issues in Pakistan. Dr. Sohail Ejaz bring to a stopping point to develop and back up research plans, outreach and other services that address critical issues in environmental wellness and toxicology. An international talker Prof. Dr. Gerry Amor Camer, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine from University of Eastern Philippines, wide casted through picture conferencing installation. He shared his singular research work on tissue toxicology and presented a talk on â€Å" Understanding the pathology of tissues exposed to assorted toxins and pollutants † . Assessment of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the beings tested and involves non merely the toxicity of single chemicals, but besides their synergistic effects, genotoxicity, mutagenecity and immunotoxicity testing. He farther elaborated that a figure of stressors affect the environment and sometimes when demoing interactive effects they become hard to quantify or foretell their single effects. Therefore, there is a demand to understand the poisonous effects at molecular degrees to foretell their effects and bing techniques to be invariably modified to supply better agencies of their qua ntification. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Department of wildlife and ecology, UVAS, presented on Beginnings and Health effects of different Air pollutants. The mechanisms for patterning and understanding the destiny of air pollutants through atmospheric conveyance, deposition into H2O and dirt, bioaccumulation, and ultimate consumption to receptor variety meats and systems in the human organic structure are complex. These require more experimental and theoretical developments in order to bring forth attacks for word picture and appropriate schemes and checks for testing in order to observe the harmful agents and forestall them from making sensitive end points. This seminar and workshop provided research workers from all over Pakistan a comprehensive platform where all aspects of environmental pollution as it exists in our state to be to the full explored and a forum to these professionals and research workers to discourse and present latest research tendencies and consequences in the field of Toxicology. Such enterprises help to back up the survey, analysis, and solution of environmental jobs which are finally impacting the wellness of human existences, animate beings, workss, dirts and over all eco-system unity. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf highlighted different research activities rendered by the section of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the recent old ages at his establishment. He discussed the constitution of new research labs at the section an attempt to open room accesss to many new dimensions therefore advancing the promotion and application of scientific research related to the contaminations. This included the constitution of Angioge nesis & A ; Toxicology lab ( ATRL ) and a Neuropharmacology lab in the module a progressive measure for Applied Neuropharmacology & A ; Cancer research. He elaborated further that our research aims to find how environmental pollutants interact with cellular maps and give rise to durable inauspicious wellness effects in craniates including worlds. We are peculiarly interested in toxic effects that target the endocrine system, the generative system and the early encephalon development and other systems in craniates. Enzyme-catalysed activation in mark cells and tissues and receptor-mediated responses are of import countries of research. With an debut of these research labs, it is besides an attempt in pulling really high quality pupils across Pakistan and foreign qualified and relevant module members to take lead on feasible research undertakings needed to turn to our country-specific jobs. Speakers from assorted universities and Govt. sections presented their research undertakings and research documents. Mr. Khaleeq Anwar, PhD Scholar, presented his work on â€Å" Impact of Automobile jinrikisha on Public wellness † . He presented grounds that Automobile jinrikishas are among one of the major beginnings of air pollution in Pakistan, contaminations released from them include the major pollutants Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Nitrogen Oxides ( NOx ) , Hydrocarbons ( HC ) and Particulate Matter ( PM ) showing their annihilating effects in deteriorating public wellness. To hold a control over contaminations realized by these two-or three stroke conventional jinrikishas CNG jinrikisha were introduced. Mr. Rizwan Ahmad, Assistant Director, Vehicular Pollution Control, Govt. of Punjab, farther extended the talk by showing on â€Å" Advantages of CNG over other fuels † . He presented his survey on the nature of the poisons wastewater by firing natural gas as fuel and a comparative analysis was made between the nature of the contaminations released by both conventional car jinrikisha and CNG jinrikisha. Statistically important information was evidenced that emphasized the usage of CNG jinrikisha to be preferred over the conventional two-or three shot jinrikishas. Lubna Shakir, PhD Scholar, discussed the public wellness jobs aroused due to dispatch of tannery wastewater effluent straight into the land in the metropolis of Kasur. The environment is under increasing force per unit area from solid and liquid wastes emanating from the leather industry. These are inevitable byproducts of the leather fabrication procedure and cause important pollution unless treated in some manner prior to dispatch. The consequence of inordinate pollutant degrees normally found in tannery wastewaters can be terrible. Water is so contaminated that drinkable H2O has high degrees of Cr and other poisons have been reported in appreciable sums unfit to be used by public. She presented a comprehensive talk entitled, â€Å" Chemical, microbiological and toxicological showing of tannery wastewater effluent † . In her work she quantified the assorted poisons and studied their hurtful effects utilizing research lab animate beings by utilizing assorted dilutions of this tannery waterwaste. She farther elaborated her talk that appraisal of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the beings tested and involves non merely the toxicity of single chemicals, but multiple factors are involved in relation to wellness behaviours, which may frequently ensue in inauspicious wellness results. Zahida Umer, a immature research worker, outlined the informations demoing the Measurement of pollution degrees in different countries of Lahore by utilizing C monoxide, sulfur dioxide metres, and other available contaminant measuring metres and impacter for particulate affair in different countries of Lahore and provided a comparative analysis of these poisons at different countries. She farther lucubrated her talk by explicating different methodological analysiss for air pollution measuring. Air pollution can be straight measured as it is emitted by a beginning in mass/volume of emanation ( e.g. , grams/m3 ) or mass/process parametric quantity ( e.g. , grams/Kg fuel consumed or grams/second ) . Air pollution can besides be measured in the ambiance as a concentration ( e.g. , micrograms/m3 ) . Ambient air supervising informations is used to find air quality, set up the extent of air pollution jobs, assess whether established criterions are being met, and qualify the possible human w ellness hazard in an country. Alternatively, air pollution concentrations can be simulated utilizing computing machine theoretical accounts, and so validated utilizing informations collected from direct measurings at selected proctors or beginnings. Air pollution informations and theoretical accounts are used together to analyze the impacts of control schemes on the ambient air. Kanwal Zahra, Government College University, presented on â€Å" Effectss of industrial wastewater on the thyroid secretory organs of human population † . The human organic structure is vastly complex, and our cognition and consciousness of its complexness continues to turn. One of the most disquieting finds in recent old ages concerns the possible functions of environmental chemicals on endocrinal systems. Among the endocrines ( â€Å" chemical couriers † ) operating within the hormone system are estrogen ( a female sex endocrine produced by the ovaries ) ; thyroid endocrine ( act uponing the map of virtually every cell in the organic structure ) ; and ACTH ( produced by the pituitary secretory organ to act upon the release of epinephrine from the adrenal secretory organ ) . Endocrine systems can be affected by these pollutants by interfering with the normal communicating between the courier and the cell receptors, the chemical message is misinterpreted, bring forthing unnatural response ( s ) in the organic structure. As thyroid secretory organs let go ofing endocrines act uponing the entire metabolic rate of the organic structure, in her survey she evidenced the assorted pathological results of thyroid poisoning by these industrial wastes and could be the possible damaging effects resulted. Prof. Dr. Sharif Mughal, Government College University, discussed the impact of assorted poisons on Marine environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons are found in sea surface movie throughout the universe. The oceans have served as a depository for a battalion of wastes and receive wastewater from rivers, watercourses, and groundwater. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) and other hydrocarbons adds to the load of pollutants in the marine environment. Industrial smokestacks, incinerators, outfall pipes, cars, lawn chemicals, agricultural chemicals, places, concerns, commercial ships, and motorised pleasance trade are all beginnings of contaminations. Many of these chemicals are fat-soluble and come to shack in the fatty tissues of Marine animate beings. Some of these chemicals have been characterized as endocrinal disrupters ; some are believed to cut down generative success, to interfere with developmental procedures, and/or to stamp down immune map. Other ch emicals, such as PAHs, do non bioaccumulate in marine mammals but may hold inauspicious impacts on the wellness of Marine animate beings through repeated exposure and metabolic response. He evidenced the above scenario by showing his survey on the Serological and histological alterations in the liver of Labeo Rohita dur due to fluoride poisoning. An attempt to qualify the types of lesions produced by these chemical contaminations found in, the metabolic response to such contaminations, and the extent of tissue harm caused by exposure to these contaminations. He farther elaborated his talk that animate beings are exposed to natural poisons in their native environments every bit good as to man-made chemicals and drugs. Factors that affect the toxicity include ; those related to the poisons, which influence how it A ­A ­enter and finally act upon the factors related to the host animate beings that change its ability to detoxicate or accommodate to the poison. The concluding Lecture of the workshop was presented on the subject, â€Å" Word picture of Environmental pathologies by immunohistochemistry † by Dr. Sohail Ejaz, PhD, University of Cambridge, England. He flesh out his talk that Environmental toxicity encompasses the survey of the toxic belongingss of non merely man-made chemicals but natural besides, including their effects on worlds and animate beings every bit good as their motion and destiny in the environment. It is a demand to develop research techniques for the appraisals of effects of these pollutants and supervising their deadly effects non on human wellness merely but impacting every life being and our eco-system. Therefore seting our joint attempts to supply a better and safer environment to forestall wellness jobs before they occur. Decision: This was a variegate workshop to back up and advance the survey, analysis, and solution of environmental jobs which finally impacting the wellness of human existences, animate beings, workss, dirts, harm edifices and other belongings and upheaval of awareness degree at National and International degree through research and development. We can populate a healthy life in a clean environment and it can merely be achieved by recognizing and understanding the importance of clean environment. Therefore to supply consciousness about the effects of all possible environmental pollutants and the corresponding steps to be taken to diminish contaminations exposure. Besides to promote research techniques for the appraisal of effects of these pollutants and supervising their deadly effects on human wellness and conserving and protecting our environment. Disclosures and Auxiliary Information: This workshop was organized at Department of Pharmacology & A ; Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore in coaction with the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK This meeting was funded by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.